L'industrie du caoutchouc
GÉNÉRALITÉS
L’industrie utilise deux grands types de caoutchouc: le caoutchouc naturel et le caoutchouc synthétique. Différents polymères de synthèse servent à fabriquer un large éventail de produits (voir tableau 80.1). Le caoutchouc naturel provient principalement de l’Asie du Sud-est, et le caoutchouc synthétique, des pays industriels: Etats-Unis, Japon, Europe de l’Ouest et Europe de l’Est. Le Brésil est le seul pays en développement à produire du caoutchouc synthétique à l’échelle industrielle.
Tableau 80.1 Quelques grands polymères du caoutchouc
Tableau en cours de préparation ...
Les pneumatiques et les produits apparentés représentent environ 60% du caoutchouc synthétique utilisé et 75% de la consommation de caoutchouc naturel (Greek, 1991); ce secteur emploie environ un demi-million de travailleurs dans le monde. En dehors des pneumatiques, le caoutchouc est couramment employé dans la fabrication de courroies, de profilés et de tuyaux pour l’automobile et dans la confection de gants, de préservatifs et de chaussures.
Depuis quelques années, l’industrie du caoutchouc, secteur à forte intensité de main-d’œuvre qui prend de l’essor dans les pays en développement, tend à se mondialiser. Le tableau 80.2 présente la consommation de caoutchouc naturel et synthétique dans le monde en 1993.
Tableau 80.2 Consommation mondiale de caoutchouc en 1993
Tableau en cours de préparation ...
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